Analysis - Object Detection¶
by: Bruno de Almeida Silveira
This notebook is about the exploratory data analysis to Object Detection project
In [1]:
# imports
import os
import random
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from copy import deepcopy
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
sns.set()
import json
import project.download_content as content
from collections import Counter
import notebooks_utils.analysis as utils
from notebooks_utils import visuals
from IPython.display import display
from plotly import graph_objects as go
from plotly.offline import download_plotlyjs, init_notebook_mode, plot, iplot
init_notebook_mode(connected=True)
# This notebook uses plotly orca to create the images
from plotly.io import orca
orca.config.executable = 'orca'
orca.config.port = 9091
orca.config.default_scale = 5
from bokeh.io import output_notebook
output_notebook()
sns.set_palette(sns.diverging_palette(255, 133, l=60, n=12, center="dark"))
%matplotlib inline
This analysis starts with the downloading of all the data. To do this, you could use the makefile created. Just open the terminal, go to where you clone this project and run make download-content, following the instructions to download files.
To run this analysis and reproduced it, you must download the METADATA files. Besides that, in some cells, it is necessary to download the images (TRAIN, TEST, and VALIDATION image files). Because of that, to reproduce this analysis entirely, you should download these files also (download around 550Gb). If you did not download them, these cells are not going to run entirely, but the cell will notify you about this, and the process is going to follow.
The analysis made with all the images files downloaded could be accessed in an HTML file that is in the project, called "analysis.html". You do not need to download all images to see it, open the file in your browser.
Wrangling¶
Gather¶
In [2]:
# Gathering all files
if not content.does_metadata_exist():
raise OSError(f'There are metadata file(s) that did not downloaded yet...')
print('All Metadata files exist...')
METAPATH = os.path.join(content.DATAPATH, 'METADATA')
# metadata general files
print('Gathering all metadata files...', end='')
df_classes_raw = pd.read_csv(METAPATH + "/class-descriptions-boxable.csv",
names=['class_encode', 'class_name'])
with open(METAPATH + "/bbox_labels_600_hierarchy.json") as f:
dict_hierarchy_raw = json.load(f)
print('OK!')
# train files
print('Gathering all train files...', end='')
df_train_bbox_raw = pd.read_csv(METAPATH + "/train-annotations-bbox.csv")
df_train_labels_raw = pd.read_csv(
METAPATH + "/train-annotations-human-imagelabels-boxable.csv")
print('OK!')
# validation files
print('Gathering all validation files...', end='')
df_val_bbox_raw = pd.read_csv(METAPATH + "/validation-annotations-bbox.csv")
df_val_labels_raw = pd.read_csv(
METAPATH + "/validation-annotations-human-imagelabels-boxable.csv")
print('OK!')
# test files
print('Gathering all test files...', end='')
df_test_bbox_raw = pd.read_csv(METAPATH + "/test-annotations-bbox.csv")
df_test_labels_raw = pd.read_csv(
METAPATH + "/test-annotations-human-imagelabels-boxable.csv")
print('OK!')
# downloaded images
if utils.all_images_downloaded():
print("Gathering labels of all images downloaded...", end='')
df_images_train = utils.images_downloaded('TRAIN')
df_images_val = utils.images_downloaded('VALIDATION')
df_images_test = utils.images_downloaded('TEST')
print('Ok!')
else:
print("""
Unfortunately you did not download the files...
That's ok, you can follow, but some cells will not run properly.
""")
Assess¶
Explaining data¶
It is crucial to start the analysis to understand all the files downloaded.
When you run the command make download-content, you should notice that the files are divided into four blocks, METADATA, TRAIN, VALIDATION, and TEST.
The blocks TRAIN, VALIDATION, and TEST are about the images files, and there is nothing but that, the images.
The block METADATA is a must-have content. In it, we are going to find eight files.
The first six files are essentially a split of two data, the bounding box annotations ([type]-annotations-bbox.csv) and the image-level annotations ([type]-annotations-human-imagelabels-boxable.csv).
Image-level Annotations are manual data labeled by a human (from google and a crowdsourced system). These labels try to represent what the image has. More about this dataset could be found in here in session Image-level Labels.
The Bounding Box Annotation is a dataset that defines, for each image, where are the objects annotated previously by the Image-level Annotation. These annotations are focused on the most specific labels in Image-level Annotations. More about this dataset could be founded here in session Bonding Boxes.
These two datasets described above were divided by Google in three sets. Train, which is going to be used to train the model, Validation, which is going to be used to compare the models, and Test, which is going to be used to do the final evaluation of the chosen one model.
The final two files are about the classes themselves.
All the labels described in the paragraphs above are encoded representations of the classes. The CSV class-descriptions-boxable.csv maps each encoded class name (machine-understandable) to a semantic class name (human-understandable).
Lastly, the JSON file bbox_labels_600_hierarchy.json describes a hierarchical tree of all classes, describing a hierarchy of each class. This file shows us, for example, that Woman derives from Person.
Assessing Data¶
In [3]:
#number of images by dataset
print(f"""Number of bouding boxes: {(df_train_bbox_raw.shape[0]
+ df_val_bbox_raw.shape[0]
+ df_test_bbox_raw.shape[0]):,}""", end="\n"*2)
print(f"labels in train images: {df_train_labels_raw.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"labels in validation images: {df_val_labels_raw.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"labels in test images: {df_test_labels_raw.shape[0]:,}", end="\n"*2)
print(f"bouding boxes labeled in train: {df_train_bbox_raw.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"bouding boxes labeled in validation: {df_val_bbox_raw.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"bouding boxes labeled in test: {df_test_bbox_raw.shape[0]:,}")
In [4]:
utils.check_images_download()
print(f"images downloaded in train: {df_images_train.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"images downloaded in validation: {df_images_val.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"images downloaded in test: {df_images_test.shape[0]:,}")
Explaining more about the data¶
Classes Mapping¶
In [5]:
# display classes and their encodes
print(f"total classes: {df_classes_raw.shape[0]}")
df_classes_raw.sample(2, random_state=17)
Out[5]:
In the cell above, all datasets are described:
In [6]:
# show info about all dfs
for k, df in {'Train Bounding Boxes': df_train_bbox_raw,
'Train Labels': df_train_labels_raw,
'Validation Bounding Boxes': df_val_bbox_raw,
'Validation Labels': df_val_labels_raw,
'Test Bounding Boxes': df_test_bbox_raw,
'Test Labels': df_test_labels_raw}.items():
print(f"####### {k.upper()} #######", end="\n"*2)
print(f"shape: {df.shape[0]:,} rows, {df.shape[1]} columns")
print(f"duplicated values: {df[df.duplicated(keep='first')].shape[0]} records",
end="\n"*2)
print("Unique Values:")
for col in df.columns:
print(
f" {str(col)+' ':-<15} {str(df[col].dtype).upper()+' ':-<10} Nulls = {df[col].isna().sum():,} | Uniques = {df[col].nunique():,}")
display(df.sample(2, random_state=37))
print('_'*80, end="\n"*2)
Classes Hierarchy¶
In [7]:
# classes hierarchy
num_classes, classes = utils.count_recursive(dict_hierarchy_raw)
print(f"There are {num_classes} classes in the JSON hierarchy",
end="\n"*2)
print("The first node class encode is:",
dict_hierarchy_raw['LabelName'], end="\n"*2)
# defining a node to consult
i=17
print(f"the {i}th son encode of the first node:",
dict_hierarchy_raw['Subcategory'][i]['LabelName'])
print(f"The sons of the {i}th node:")
for subcat in dict_hierarchy_raw['Subcategory'][i]['Subcategory']:
print(f" {subcat}")
In [8]:
# finding with some class in hierarchial has no human representation
for encoded_name in classes:
try:
semantic_name = utils.semantic_name(encoded_name)
except KeyError:
print(f"{encoded_name} - 'Undefined Human Representation'")
Import to notice that only the first node ("the father of all") has no semantic representation!
About labels and image downloads¶
In [9]:
# assess the images downloaded
utils.check_images_download()
print('### Number of unique images in each dataframe ###', end='\n'*2)
train_labels = pd.DataFrame(df_train_labels_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
train_bbox = pd.DataFrame(df_train_bbox_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
train_download = pd.DataFrame(df_images_train.index, columns=['ImageID'])
print(f"{'images in train images-level ':-<40}> {train_labels.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in train bbox ':-<40}> {train_bbox.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in train download folder ':-<40}> {train_download.shape[0]:,}",
end='\n'*2)
val_labels = pd.DataFrame(df_val_labels_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
val_bbox = pd.DataFrame(df_val_bbox_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
val_download = pd.DataFrame(df_images_val.index, columns=['ImageID'])
print(f"{'images in validation images-level ':-<40}> {val_labels.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in validation bbox ':-<40}> {val_bbox.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in valitation download folder ':-<40}> {val_download.shape[0]:,}",
end='\n'*2)
test_labels = pd.DataFrame(df_test_labels_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
test_bbox = pd.DataFrame(df_test_bbox_raw.ImageID.unique(), columns=['ImageID'])
test_download = pd.DataFrame(df_images_test.index, columns=['ImageID'])
print(f"{'images in test images-level ':-<40}> {test_labels.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in test bbox ':-<40}> {test_bbox.shape[0]:,}")
print(f"{'images in test donwload folder ':-<40}> {test_download.shape[0]:,}",
end='\n'*2)
In [10]:
# joining train dfs
train_labels['label'] = True
train_bbox['bbox'] = True
train_download['download'] = True
df_train_imgs = (train_download.merge(train_labels, on='ImageID', how='outer')
.merge(train_bbox, on='ImageID', how='outer'))
df_train_imgs.fillna(False, inplace=True)
# joining validation dfs
val_labels['label'] = True
val_bbox['bbox'] = True
val_download['download'] = True
df_val_imgs = (val_download.merge(val_labels, on='ImageID', how='outer')
.merge(val_bbox, on='ImageID', how='outer'))
df_val_imgs.fillna(False, inplace=True)
# joining test dfs
test_labels['label'] = True
test_bbox['bbox'] = True
test_download['download'] = True
df_test_imgs = (test_download.merge(test_labels, on='ImageID', how='outer')
.merge(test_bbox, on='ImageID', how='outer'))
df_test_imgs.fillna(False, inplace=True)
In [11]:
ref = {'Train': df_train_imgs, 'Validation': df_val_imgs, 'Test': df_test_imgs}
for label, df in ref.items():
not_down = df[df.download == False].shape[0]
not_label = df[(df.download == True) & (df.label == False)].shape[0]
not_bbox = df[(df.download == True) & (df.bbox == False)].shape[0]
label_not_bbox = df[(df.download == True)
& (df.label == True)
& (df.bbox == False)].shape[0]
bbox_not_label = df[(df.download == True)
& (df.label == False)
& (df.bbox == True)].shape[0]
print(f"About {label} data:")
print(f" There are {not_down} images not downloaded")
print(f" There are {not_label} images without label")
print(f" There are {not_bbox} images without bounding boxes identified")
print(f" There are {label_not_bbox} images with labels in image level, but without bounding boxes")
print(f" There are {bbox_not_label} images without labels in image level, but having bounding boxes", end='\n'*2)
Clean¶
Removing duplicate data¶
In [12]:
df_train_bbox_raw = df_train_bbox_raw.drop_duplicates()
df_train_bbox_raw.shape
Out[12]:
Adding semantic class label¶
In [13]:
def semantic_label(df):
return (df.merge(df_classes_raw,
left_on='LabelName',
right_on='class_encode',
how='inner')
.drop(['class_encode'], axis=1)
.rename(columns={'class_name': 'LabelSemantic'}))
df_train_bbox = semantic_label(df_train_bbox_raw)
df_train_labels = semantic_label(df_train_labels_raw)
df_val_bbox = semantic_label(df_val_bbox_raw)
df_val_labels = semantic_label(df_val_labels_raw)
df_test_bbox = semantic_label(df_test_bbox_raw)
df_test_labels = semantic_label(df_test_labels_raw)
Naming the first class in the hierarchy¶
As I shown, the first node in the JSON hierarchy has no name. I am going to define it as "Entity" in the df_classes
In [14]:
df_classes = pd.concat([pd.DataFrame([['/m/0bl9f', 'Entity']],
columns=['class_encode', 'class_name']),
df_classes_raw],
ignore_index=True)
df_classes.head(3)
Out[14]:
Creating a semantic dictionary of hierarchy¶
In [15]:
def changing_to_semantic(tree, *args):
try:
tree['LabelName'] = utils.semantic_name(tree['LabelName'])
except KeyError:
tree['LabelName'] = 'Entity'
if 'Subcategory' in tree.keys():
for subcat in tree['Subcategory']:
changing_to_semantic(subcat, *args, tree['LabelName'])
dict_semantic_hierarchy = deepcopy(dict_hierarchy_raw)
changing_to_semantic(dict_semantic_hierarchy)
In [16]:
print("The first node class encode is:",
dict_semantic_hierarchy['LabelName'], end="\n"*2)
# defining a node to consult
i=17
print(f"the {i}th son encode of the first node:",
dict_semantic_hierarchy['Subcategory'][i]['LabelName'])
print(f"The sons of the {i}th node:")
for subcat in dict_semantic_hierarchy['Subcategory'][i]['Subcategory']:
print(f" {subcat}")
Transform the hierarchy dictionary in a table¶
Adding in images DF path to the image¶
This transformation is going to be very useful to analysis
In [17]:
rows = utils.tabularize_hierarchy_dict(dict_semantic_hierarchy, df_classes)
df_enriched_classes = pd.DataFrame(rows,
columns=['Id', 'Label', 'IdParent',
'LabelParent', 'Depth', 'Leaf'])
df_enriched_classes
Out[17]:
EDA¶
There are a couple of questions that I want to dive into in this EDA. Each topic is going to be about one of them.
Classes Analysis¶
For the first step, it is going to render a visualization of all classes in the dataset, and how they are connected.
In [18]:
# generating images for report
print("creating figures to analysis report...")
img_path = os.path.join(".", "capstone", "images")
df = df_enriched_classes
def save_img_sankey(df, height, width, img_name, title, pos_leg):
print(f"Creating image '{img_name}'...", end='')
df_l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1)]
orca.config.default_height = height
orca.config.default_width = width
(visuals.sankey(df, height, width, df_enriched_classes, title,
pos_leg=pos_leg)
.write_image(os.path.join(img_path, img_name)))
print('Ok!')
# img with depth 1
df_final = df[(df.Depth == 1)]
save_img_sankey(df_final, 1200, 600, "lvl1_classes.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 1 node',
pos_leg=[[0.15, 0.95], [0.15, 0.927]])
# img with depth 2 - pt1
l2_sep_cat = ['Telehone', 'Kitchenware', 'Cosmetics', 'Clock',
'Auto part', 'Furniture', 'Musical instrument', 'Home appliance',
'Food', 'Clothing', 'Telephone', 'Plumbing fixture', 'Drink']
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (df.LabelParent.isin(l2_sep_cat))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 1400, 650, "lvl2_classes_pt1.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 2 nodes - part 1',
pos_leg=[[0.15, 0.9], [0.15, 0.880]])
# img with depth 2 - pt2
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (~df.LabelParent.isin(l2_sep_cat))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 1400, 650, "lvl2_classes_pt2.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 2 nodes - part 2',
pos_leg=[[0.15, 0.9], [0.15, 0.880]])
# img with depth 3 - pt1
l3_sep_cat = ['Land vehicle', 'Watercraft', 'Aircraft', 'Bed', 'Couch',
'Table', 'Mammal', 'Reptile', 'Invertebrate', 'Bird',
'Shellfish', 'Fish', 'Tree', 'Flower']
l3 = df[(df.Depth == 3) & (df.LabelParent.isin(l3_sep_cat))]
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (df.Label.isin(l3.LabelParent.unique()))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2, l3])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 1400, 750, "lvl3_classes_pt1.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 3 nodes - part 1',
pos_leg=[[0.12, 0.9], [0.12, 0.880]])
# img with depth 3 - pt2
l3 = df[(df.Depth == 3) & (~df.LabelParent.isin(l3_sep_cat))]
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (df.Label.isin(l3.LabelParent.unique()))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2, l3])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 1400, 750, "lvl3_classes_pt2.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 3 nodes - part 2',
pos_leg=[[0.12, 0.9], [0.12, 0.880]])
# img with depth 4
l4 = df[(df.Depth == 4)]
l3 = df[(df.Depth == 3) & (df.Label.isin(l4.LabelParent.unique()))]
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (df.Label.isin(l3.LabelParent.unique()))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2, l3, l4])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 700, 750, "lvl4_classes.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 4 nodes',
pos_leg=[[0.1, 0.93], [0.1, 0.887]])
# img with depth 5
l5 = df[(df.Depth == 5)]
l4 = df[(df.Depth == 4) & (df.Label.isin(l5.LabelParent.unique()))]
l3 = df[(df.Depth == 3) & (df.Label.isin(l4.LabelParent.unique()))]
l2 = df[(df.Depth == 2) & (df.Label.isin(l3.LabelParent.unique()))]
l1 = df[(df.Depth == 1) & (df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique()))]
df_final = pd.concat([l1, l2, l3, l4, l5])
save_img_sankey(df_final, 275, 1000, "lvl5_classes.png",
'Classes Hierarchy with max distance of 5 nodes',
pos_leg=[[0.1, 1.2], [0.1, 0.95]])
In [19]:
# plot a global sankey visualization
(visuals.sankey(df_enriched_classes, 5500, 800, df_enriched_classes,
'Showing Hierarchy of all classes',
pos_leg=[[0.05, 0.985], [0.05, 0.981]])
.show())
Ambiguous Paths¶
Some classes have an ambiguous path, more than one parent. Because of that, we can not, for sure, say who is the parent of some node. The following visualization show this fact.
In [20]:
def sankey_ambiguous_node(node):
df = df_enriched_classes
lowest = df[df.Label == node]
l1 = df[df.Label.isin(lowest.LabelParent.unique())]
l2 = df[df.Label.isin(l1.LabelParent.unique())]
l3 = df[df.Label.isin(l2.LabelParent.unique())]
l4 = df[df.Label.isin(l3.LabelParent.unique())]
l5 = df[df.Label.isin(l4.LabelParent.unique())]
df_final = pd.concat([lowest, l1, l2, l3, l4, l5])
fig = (visuals.sankey(df_final, 250, 700, df_enriched_classes,
f"Ambiguous Path: {node}", pad=20,
pos_leg=[[1.08, 0.82], [1.08, 0.28]]))
fig.show()
sankey_ambiguous_node('Shrimp')
sankey_ambiguous_node('Spoon')
sankey_ambiguous_node('Knife')
sankey_ambiguous_node('Wheelchair')
Classes Visualizations¶
Union DFs¶
They are be useful to the rest of the EDA
In [21]:
df_train_bbox['Type'] = 'Train'
df_train_labels['Type'] = 'Train'
df_images_train['Type'] = 'Train'
df_val_bbox['Type'] = 'Cross-Val'
df_val_labels['Type'] = 'Cross-Val'
df_images_val['Type'] = 'Cross-Val'
df_test_bbox['Type'] = 'Test'
df_test_labels['Type'] = 'Test'
df_images_test['Type'] = 'Test'
df_labels = pd.concat([df_train_labels, df_val_labels, df_test_labels])
df_bbox = pd.concat([df_train_bbox, df_val_bbox, df_test_bbox])
df_images = pd.concat([df_images_train, df_images_test, df_images_val])
Classes Distribution¶
In [22]:
df_count = (df_bbox.groupby(['LabelSemantic', 'Type'])
.count()
[['ImageID']]
.rename(columns={'ImageID': 'Count'})
.reset_index())
df_classes_without_parent = df_enriched_classes[['Label', 'Leaf']].drop_duplicates()
df_enriched_count = df_count.merge(df_classes_without_parent, how='left',
left_on='LabelSemantic', right_on='Label')
df_enriched_count = df_enriched_count.drop(columns=['Label'])
totals = (df_enriched_count.groupby('Type')
.sum()
[['Count']]
.rename(columns={'Count': 'Total'}))
df_enriched_count = df_enriched_count.merge(totals, how='inner', on='Type')
df_enriched_count['Percentage'] = df_enriched_count.Count / df_enriched_count.Total
df_count_train = (df_enriched_count.query("Type == 'Train'")
.sort_values(by='Percentage', ascending=False))
display(df_enriched_count.head(2))
df_enriched_count.describe()
Out[22]:
In [23]:
cum = np.cumsum(df_count_train.Percentage)
plt.figure(num=None, figsize=(12, 10), dpi=80, facecolor='w', edgecolor='k')
plt.xticks(rotation=85, fontsize=18)
plt.yticks(fontsize=16)
plt.title('The most common 30 classes responsible for 80% of BBoxes', fontsize=20)
plt.plot(df_count_train.LabelSemantic.iloc[:30], cum[:30], c='blue');
In [24]:
xs = [0, 1]
barWidth = 0.8
plt.figure(num=None, figsize=(8, 6), dpi=80)
leafs = [df_count_train.iloc[:30].query('Leaf == True').shape[0] / .3,
df_count_train.iloc[299:].query('Leaf == True').shape[0] / 3]
noleafs = [df_count_train.iloc[:30].query('Leaf == False').shape[0] / .3,
df_count_train.iloc[299:].query('Leaf == False').shape[0] / 3]
plt.bar(xs, leafs, width=0.8, label='leaf',
color=sns.diverging_palette(255, 133, l=60, n=2, center="dark")[0])
plt.bar(xs, noleafs, bottom=leafs, width=0.8, label='no-leaf',
color=sns.diverging_palette(255, 133, l=60, n=2, center="dark")[1])
plt.text(-.1, leafs[0]-5, f"{leafs[0]:2.2f}%",
color='white', fontsize=16)
plt.text(.9, leafs[1]-5, f"{leafs[1]:2.2f}%",
color='white', fontsize=16)
plt.xticks(xs, labels=['Top 30', 'Last 300'])
plt.text(-.1, leafs[0] + noleafs[0], f"{noleafs[0]:2.2f}%",
color='black', fontsize=16)
plt.text(.9, leafs[1] + noleafs[1], f"{noleafs[1]:2.2f}%",
color='black', fontsize=16)
plt.title("Proportion of Leafs in the most and the least common classes", fontsize=14)
plt.legend(loc='lower right');
In [25]:
p300 = (cum.iloc[-1] - cum.iloc[299])*100
print(f"The least common 300 classes are responsible for {p300:2.2f}% of bbox")
In [26]:
cum = np.cumsum(df_count_train.Percentage)
plt.figure(num=None, figsize=(12, 10), dpi=80, facecolor='w', edgecolor='k')
plt.xticks([10, 30, 100, 300], ['10th', '30th', '100th', '300th'],
rotation=70, fontsize=18)
plt.yticks([.2, .6, .8, .99, 1], fontsize=18)
plt.title('Cumulative count of classes ordered by appearance', fontsize=20)
plt.plot(df_count_train.LabelSemantic, cum, c='blue');
Final Observations about Classes distributions
I showed above how unbalanced are the classes. The thirty most present classes in bounding boxes represent 80% of all bounding boxes. Moreover, the 300 less present classes represent 0.96% of all bounding boxes. So we conclude there are many more examples of a few classes and a lack of examples for more than half of the classes.
Label-level¶
In [27]:
df_labels.sample(4, random_state=84)
Out[27]:
confidence¶
In [28]:
# Label-Level Confidence plots
feature = 'Confidence'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_labels, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [120000, 150000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 6000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000)}{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K'}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"Label-Level: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, ['Confidence 0', 'Confidence 1'],
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, ['Confidence 0', 'Confidence 1'],
*percs.values())
plt.show()
In [29]:
# Label-Level Confidence Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = 'Confidence == 1'
imgs = df_labels.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_imgs(imgs, ax, df_images)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = 'Confidence == 0'
imgs = df_labels.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_imgs(imgs, ax, df_images)
Final Observations about Confidence in Label-Level Images
I noticed that the confidence 1 demonstrate, as we expected, that the label is probably correct. Train has fewer proportionally labels with confidence 1, than Test and Cross-Validation sets. Even Train has a lot more examples.
source¶
In [30]:
# Label-Level Source plots
feature = 'Source'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_labels, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [300, 1000, 10000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"Label-Level: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*list(counts.values()))
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
In [31]:
# Label-Level Confidence Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = "Source == 'verification' and Confidence == 1"
imgs = df_labels.query(query).sample(4, random_state=43)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_imgs(imgs, ax, df_images)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = "Source == 'crowdsource-verification' and Confidence == 1"
imgs = df_labels.query(query).sample(4, random_state=43)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_imgs(imgs, ax, df_images)
Final Observations about Source in Label-Level Images
I cannot notice an expressive difference between the two types of sources. It is easy to see that there are a lot more "Verification" than "Crowdsource-Verification"
correlations¶
In [32]:
visuals.plot_heatmap_corr(df_labels, 'Source', 'Confidence', (8,4));
Final Observations about Correlation between Source and Confidence in Label-Level Images
The correlations about Source and Confidence show us that there are differences between the two types of sources. Verification kind tends to have more Confidence 1 labels than Crowdsource-Verification.
Bounding Boxes¶
In [33]:
df_bbox.sample(4, random_state=37)
Out[33]:
Positions distributions¶
In [34]:
# BoudingBox Positions
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 6), sharex=True, sharey=True)
fig.suptitle('Positions', fontsize=18)
axes[0, 0].hist(df_bbox.XMin)
axes[0, 0].set_ylabel('#counts')
axes[0, 0].set_title('left-edge')
axes[1, 0].hist(df_bbox.XMax)
axes[1, 0].set_ylabel('#counts')
axes[1, 0].set_xlabel('% of the image width')
axes[1, 0].set_title('right-edge')
axes[0, 1].hist(df_bbox.YMin)
axes[0, 1].set_title('bottom-edge')
axes[1, 1].hist(df_bbox.YMax)
axes[1, 1].set_title('top-edge')
axes[1, 1].set_xlabel('% of the image height');
Final Observations about Postition in Bouding Boxes Labels
Many of them tend to start in the most left part of the picture and ends in the most right position. Also, they tend to ends in the most bottom position.
Size distribution¶
In [35]:
# size distribution
fig, axes = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(10, 3), sharey=True)
fig.suptitle('Size', fontsize=18)
axes[0].hist(df_bbox.XMax - df_bbox.XMin)
axes[0].set_title('bbox width')
axes[0].set_ylabel('#counts')
axes[0].set_xlabel('% of the image width')
axes[1].hist(df_bbox.YMax - df_bbox.YMin)
axes[1].set_xlabel('bbox height')
axes[1].set_title('% of the image height');
Final Observations about Size of Bouding Boxes Labels
More than 50% has a width of Bounding Box less than 10% of the image width.
Confidence¶
In [36]:
# Confidence plots
feature = 'Confidence'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
Final Observations about Confidence in Bouding Boxes Labels
There are no Confidence 0 in Bouding Boxes Labels.
Source¶
In [37]:
# BBox Source plots
feature = 'Source'
import matplotlib as mpl
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4))
yticks = [100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('symlog')
ax[0].set_ylim(100000, 18000000)
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [38]:
# BBox Source Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = "Source == 'xclick'"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=43)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox, print_others=False)
# BBox Source Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = "Source == 'activemil'"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"Image-level: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox, print_others=False)
Final Observations about Source in Bouding Boxes Labels
Only on Train set is the 'activemil' source, even having only around 10%. Given that there are only confidence 1, this is not going to influence the quality of the BBox Labels.
Distribution of IsX flags¶
In [39]:
(df_bbox.groupby(by='Type')
.sum()
[['IsOccluded', 'IsTruncated', 'IsGroupOf', 'IsDepiction', 'IsInside']]
.style.format("{:,.0f}"))
Out[39]:
IsOccluded¶
In [40]:
# BBox IsOccluded plots
feature = 'IsOccluded'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
figure, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [20000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
figure.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [41]:
# BBox IsOccluded Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
feature = "IsOccluded"
# 1
query = f"{feature} == 1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=42)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# 0
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == 0"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=23)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# -1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == -1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
Final Observations about IsOccluded in Bouding Boxes Labels
I notice that IsOccluded flag the Bounding Boxes that have a type of obstruction in it, making him more difficult to be understandable.
IsTruncated¶
In [42]:
# BBox IsTruncated plots
feature = 'IsTruncated'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [20000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [43]:
# BBox IsTruncated Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
feature = "IsTruncated"
# 1
query = f"{feature} == 1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# 0
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == 0"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# -1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == -1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
Final Observations about IsTruncated in Bouding Boxes Labels
IsTruncated is Bounding Boxes that end or starts in some edges of the image.
IsGroupOf¶
In [44]:
# BBox IsGroupOf plots
feature = 'IsGroupOf'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [20000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [45]:
# BBox IsGroupOf Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
feature = "IsGroupOf"
# 1
query = f"{feature} == 1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# 0
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == 0"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# -1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == -1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
Final Observations about IsGroupOf in Bouding Boxes Labels
IsGroupOf represents bounding boxes that label not only one thing, but a group of something.
IsDepiction¶
In [46]:
# BBox IsDepiction plots
feature = 'IsDepiction'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [20000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [47]:
# BBox IsDepiction Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
feature = "IsDepiction"
# 1
query = f"{feature} == 1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# 0
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == 0"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# -1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == -1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
Final Observations about IsDepection in Bouding Boxes Labels
IsDepections are bounding boxes that label not the things itself, but a representation of the things. Draws, representation, costumes, are some examples.
IsInside¶
In [48]:
# BBox IsInside plots
feature = 'IsInside'
# prepare date
labels, counts, percs = utils.amount_and_percentage(df_bbox, feature)
# plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 2, figsize=(12, 4), sharex=True)
yticks = [20000, 30000, 100000, 300000, 1000000, 3000000, 10000000, 15000000]
ylabels = [f"{int(y/1000000 if y/1000>=1000 else y/1000 if y>=1000 else y)}"\
f"{'M' if y/1000>=1000 else 'K' if y>=1000 else ''}"
for y in yticks]
ax[0].set_yscale('log')
ax[0].set_yticks(yticks)
ax[0].set_yticklabels(ylabels)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {feature}", fontsize=20)
visuals.barplot(ax[0], f"Total amount",
labels, list(counts.keys()),
*counts.values())
visuals.stacked_bar(ax[1], f'Percentage',
labels, list(percs.keys()),
*list(percs.values()))
plt.show()
In [49]:
# BBox IsInside Images
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
feature = "IsInside"
# 1
query = f"{feature} == 1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=37)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# 0
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == 0"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=4)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
# -1
fig, ax = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(13, 8))
query = f"{feature} == -1"
imgs = df_bbox.query(query).sample(4, random_state=13)
fig.suptitle(f"BBox: {query}", fontsize=20)
visuals.show_bbox(imgs, ax, df_images, df_bbox)
Final Observations about IsInside in Bouding Boxes Labels
IsInside flags Bounding Boxes labeled inside rooms or buildings, with artificial light.
Correlations¶
In [50]:
from itertools import combinations, product
columns = ['Source', 'IsOccluded', 'IsTruncated', 'IsGroupOf',
'IsDepiction', 'IsInside']
for a, b in combinations(columns, 2):
visuals.plot_heatmap_corr(df_bbox, a, b, (8,4))
Final Observations about All Correlations between all Flags of Bouding Boxes Labels
The most explicit correlation is, among all the IsX flags, the -1 in one of them implies -1 in all the others.
I also notice that activemil source tends to flag more IsOccluded and IsGroupOf than xclick. Though xclick tends to flag more IsTruncated than activemil.
Among the flags there are only three correlations that I am going to mention: Occluded Bounding Boxes occurs more in Truncated Bounding Boxes; Group Labels occurs more in no Occluded Bounding Boxes; Also, Group Labels occurs more in Truncated Bounding Boxes.